Social control refers generally to societal and political mechanisms or processes that regulate individual and group behavior in an attempt to gain conformity and compliance to the rules of a given society, state, or social group. Sociologists identify two basic forms of social control:
Cultural Deviance is behaviort hat a conside Cultural rable number of people in society view as reprehensible and beyond
Differential Association is a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.
The Differential Association Theory is the most talked about of the Learning Theories of deviance. This theory focuses on how individuals learn to become criminals, but does not concern itself with why they become criminals
Criminal Ecology Studies the criminality in relation to spatial distribution in a community.
Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes such as "attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, andthinking."[1] Much of the work derived from cognitive psychology has been integrated into various other modern disciplines of psychological study including social psychology, personality psychology, abnormal psychology, developmental psychology, and educational psychology.
Moral develoment theory Refers generally to theories of individual psychology that investigate how moral reasoning emerges and develops as the individual matures.
.Learning theories are conceptual frameworks that describe how information is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a world view, is acquired or changed, and knowledge and skills retained
Freud’s Theory of Personality Development One of the earliest theories of personality development was given by the ‘Father of Psychiatry’, Sigmund Freud. Freud emphasized the role of childhood experiences in shaping the adult personality. He claimed that childhood experiences are repeated throughout life and are critical in determining one’s adult relationships. It is now known that childhood experience is pivotal in creating neural networks that shape the personality and person’s expectations of how others will respond to them. According to Freud, each individual goes through various stages of psychosexual development and how an individual progresses through these shapes his/her personality. A brief description of these stages is given below.
Labeling theory is concerned with how the self-identity and behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. It is associated with the concepts of self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotyping. Labeling theory holds that deviance is not inherent to an act, but instead focuses on the tendency of majorities to negatively label minorities or those seen as deviant from standard cultural norms
Containment theory refers to the foreign strategy pursued the the United States after the second World War. The containment sought to achieve three goals which is to restore the balance of power in Europe. The curtailment of Soviet power projection, and the modification of the Soviet conception of international relations
Attachment theory describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally. Attachment theory explains how much the parents' relationship with the child influences development.
Chicago School (sometimes described as the Ecological School) was the first major body of works emerging during the 1920s and 1930s specialising in urban sociology, and the research into the urban environment by combining theory andethnographic fieldwork in Chicago, now applied elsewhere. While involving scholars at several Chicago area universities, the term is often used interchangeably to refer to the University of Chicago's sociology department—one of the oldest and one of the most prestigious. FollowingWorld War II, a "Second Chicago School" arose whose members used symbolic interactionism combined with methods of field research, to create a new body of work.[1] This was one of the first institutions to use quantitative methods in criminology.
Social disorganization theory was one of the most important theories developed by the Chicago School, related toecological theories. Social disorganization theory: linking (directly) low crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics, youths from disadvantaged neighborhoods were participants in a subculture in which delinquency was approved behavior and that criminality was acquired in social and cultural settings through a process of interactiondifferential opportunity theory
A theory of delinquency and delinquent subcultures developed by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin in Delinquency and Opportunity (1960). Cloward and Ohlin made use of Robert K. Merton 's observations that legitimate opportunities to pursue culturally approved goals are socially structured and unevenly distributed—especially by class . Differential-opportunity theory extends this notion of socially structured unequal access to delinquency and criminality
radical perspective
(referred to as long agenda), focuses on the equality of outcome as opposed to procedures, rejecting the individualistic conceptions of fairness and promoting positive action. EOP as a part of general organisational change theory;
Cartography (from Greek Χάρτης, khartes = papyrus (paper) and graphein = to write) is the study and practice of makingmaps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively.
Attachment theory describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally. Attachment theory explains how much the parents' relationship with the child influences development.
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- Informal means of control - Internalisation of norms and values by a process known as socialization, which is defined as "the process by which an individual, born with behavioral potentialities of enormously wide range, is led to develop actual behavior which is confined to the narrower range of what is acceptable for him by the group standards."[1]
- Formal means of social control - External sanctions enforced by government to prevent the establishment of chaos or anomiein society. Some theorists, such as Émile Durkheim, refer to this form of control as regulation.
Cultural Deviance is behaviort hat a conside Cultural rable number of people in society view as reprehensible and beyond
Differential Association is a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.
The Differential Association Theory is the most talked about of the Learning Theories of deviance. This theory focuses on how individuals learn to become criminals, but does not concern itself with why they become criminals
Criminal Ecology Studies the criminality in relation to spatial distribution in a community.
Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes such as "attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, andthinking."[1] Much of the work derived from cognitive psychology has been integrated into various other modern disciplines of psychological study including social psychology, personality psychology, abnormal psychology, developmental psychology, and educational psychology.
Moral develoment theory Refers generally to theories of individual psychology that investigate how moral reasoning emerges and develops as the individual matures.
.Learning theories are conceptual frameworks that describe how information is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a world view, is acquired or changed, and knowledge and skills retained
Freud’s Theory of Personality Development One of the earliest theories of personality development was given by the ‘Father of Psychiatry’, Sigmund Freud. Freud emphasized the role of childhood experiences in shaping the adult personality. He claimed that childhood experiences are repeated throughout life and are critical in determining one’s adult relationships. It is now known that childhood experience is pivotal in creating neural networks that shape the personality and person’s expectations of how others will respond to them. According to Freud, each individual goes through various stages of psychosexual development and how an individual progresses through these shapes his/her personality. A brief description of these stages is given below.
Labeling theory is concerned with how the self-identity and behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. It is associated with the concepts of self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotyping. Labeling theory holds that deviance is not inherent to an act, but instead focuses on the tendency of majorities to negatively label minorities or those seen as deviant from standard cultural norms
Containment theory refers to the foreign strategy pursued the the United States after the second World War. The containment sought to achieve three goals which is to restore the balance of power in Europe. The curtailment of Soviet power projection, and the modification of the Soviet conception of international relations
Attachment theory describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally. Attachment theory explains how much the parents' relationship with the child influences development.
Chicago School (sometimes described as the Ecological School) was the first major body of works emerging during the 1920s and 1930s specialising in urban sociology, and the research into the urban environment by combining theory andethnographic fieldwork in Chicago, now applied elsewhere. While involving scholars at several Chicago area universities, the term is often used interchangeably to refer to the University of Chicago's sociology department—one of the oldest and one of the most prestigious. FollowingWorld War II, a "Second Chicago School" arose whose members used symbolic interactionism combined with methods of field research, to create a new body of work.[1] This was one of the first institutions to use quantitative methods in criminology.
Social disorganization theory was one of the most important theories developed by the Chicago School, related toecological theories. Social disorganization theory: linking (directly) low crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics, youths from disadvantaged neighborhoods were participants in a subculture in which delinquency was approved behavior and that criminality was acquired in social and cultural settings through a process of interactiondifferential opportunity theory
A theory of delinquency and delinquent subcultures developed by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin in Delinquency and Opportunity (1960). Cloward and Ohlin made use of Robert K. Merton 's observations that legitimate opportunities to pursue culturally approved goals are socially structured and unevenly distributed—especially by class . Differential-opportunity theory extends this notion of socially structured unequal access to delinquency and criminality
radical perspective
(referred to as long agenda), focuses on the equality of outcome as opposed to procedures, rejecting the individualistic conceptions of fairness and promoting positive action. EOP as a part of general organisational change theory;
Cartography (from Greek Χάρτης, khartes = papyrus (paper) and graphein = to write) is the study and practice of makingmaps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively.
Attachment theory describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally. Attachment theory explains how much the parents' relationship with the child influences development.
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Positivist School has attempted to find scientific objectivity for the measurement and quantification of criminal behavior.
Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy
The term biology is derived from the Greek word βίος, bios, "life" and the suffix -λογία, -logia, "study of "
Physiognomy (from the Gk. physis meaning "nature" and gnomon meaning "judge" or "interpreter") is the assessment of a person's character or personality from his outer appearance, especially the face. The term physiognomy can also refer to the general appearance of a person, object or terrain, without reference to its implied characteristics, as in the physiognomy of a plant community.
Phrenology (from Greek: φρήν, phrēn, "mind"; and λόγος, logos, "knowledge") is a pseudoscience primarily focused on measurements of the human skull, based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specificfunctions or modules
Biocriminology is a sub discipline of criminology that explores biological and hereditary links to antisocial and deviant behavior. Biocriminology suggests that our bio-chemical makeup is at least somewhat responsible for crime and that some people may be, to some extent or another, born predisposed to commit crime.
Genetics (from Ancient Greek γενετικός genetikos, "genitive" and that from γένεσις genesis, "origin"),[1][2][3] a discipline of biology, is thescience of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.[4][5] Genetics concerns the process of trait inheritance from parents to offspring, including the molecular structure and function of genes, gene behavior in the context of a cell or organism (e.g. dominance and epigenetics), gene distribution, and variation and change in populations (such as through Genome-Wide Association Studies
chromosome is an organized structure of DNA, protein, and RNA found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. Chromosomal DNA encodes most or all of an organism's genetic information; some species also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal genetic elements.
NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY is the academic and scholastic study of the relationships which exist between the nervous system, with specific interest in the brain and the endocrine system. This field also looks at the release to certain hormones by cells into the blood stream, which are called neuroendocrine cells.
NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: "Neuroendocrinology is the study on the nervous system and its interactions with the brain and the endocrine system."
biochemicalsEnzymes, hormones, pheromones, etc., which either occur naturally or are manufactured to be identical to naturally occurring substances. Biochemicals have many environment-friendly applications, such as natural pesticides that work in non-lethal ways as repellents or by disrupting the mating patterns of the pests.
Heredity is the passing of traits to offspring from its parents or ancestor. This is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism. Through heredity, variations exhibited by individuals can accumulate and cause some species to evolve. The study of heredity in biology is called genetics, which includes the field of epigenetics.
twin is one of two offspring produced in the same pregnancy.[1] Twins can either be monozygotic ("identical"), meaning that they develop from one zygote that splits and forms two embryos, or dizygotic ("fraternal") meaning that they develop from two eggs, each fertilized by separate sperm cells.
adoption studiesa model of investigation that intends to ascertain an estimate of the level of genetic potential of a chosen attribute or illness by similar measures as comparing the frequency of the attribute or illness in those who have been adopted and in their birth moms and dads and adoptive family units. For instance, one may possibly put side by side the frequency of schizophrenic disorder in adoptive and natural moms and dads whenever an adopted person has been clinically determined to have the disorder, or one could very well analyze the frequency of schizophrenic disorder amidst adopted persons who have natural moms and dads who have schizophrenic disorder with the frequency amidst adopted persons whose moms and dads don't have schizophrenic disorder.
ADOPTION STUDY: "Adoption studies center around the examination of illnesses present in adopted persons and the likelihood of such illness being hereditary or passed on some other way via the adoptive parents."
Atavism is the tendency to revert to ancestral type. In biology, an atavism is anevolutionary throwback, such as traits reappearing which had disappeared generations before
The word atavism is derived from the Latin atavus. An atavus is a great-great-great-grandfather or, more generally, an ancestor.